DR. JOSE RIZAL
La Liga Filipina
Ang La Liga Filipina ay isang samahan na itinatag ni Jose Rizal sa Pilipinas noong Hulyo 3, 1892 sa isang tahanan sa Ilaya Street, Tondo, Maynila. Binubuo ito ng mga taong nagnanais na maputol ang pang-aapi ng mga Kastila sa mga Pilipino. Ang pangunahing layunin nito ay maging malaya ang Pilipinas sa España sa mapayapang paraan. Ang unang pangulo nito ay si Ambrosio Salvador.
Ito ay nagtagal lamang ng tatlong araw. Ipinakulong si Rizal noong Hulyo 6, 1892 at ipinatapon siya sa Dapitan noong Hulyo 7, 1892.
Mga Layunin
- mapagkaisa ang buong bansa
- mabigyan ng proteksyon ang bawat isa kung kinakailangan
- malabanan ang karahasana at inhustisya
- mapag-aralan ang mga reporma para sa bansa
Kasaysayan
Naisip ni Rizal ang pagtatayo ng isang organisasyong kinabibilangan ng mga Pilipino nang siya ay nasa Hong Kong. Sa tulong ni Jose Ma. Basa, naisulat niya ang konstitusyon ng samahan. Ilan sa mga kilala at pangunahing kasapi ng samahan ay sina Deodato Arellano, Andrés Bonifacio at Apolinario Mabini.Panunupil
Bagaman ito ay isang diplomatikong samahang kinabibilangan ng mga edukado at ilang may mga sinabi sa buhay, napagtanto ng kinauukulan ng Espanya ang hatid nitong panganib sa pamahalaang kolonyal. Noong Hulyo 6, 1892, apat na araw pagkatapos ng pagkakatayo ng La Liga Filipina, ay lihim na inaresto si Rizal. Nang sumunod na araw ay ipinag-utos ni Gobernador-Heneral Eulogio Despujolang pagpapatapon kay Rizal sa Dapitan.Matapos ang pagkakaaresto, tumigil sa pagiging aktibo ang samahan. Makalipas ang ilang araw, muli itong iniorganisa ni Domingo Franco at Andres Bonifacio. Ang samahan ay nahati sa dalawa. AngCuerpo de Compromisarios, na siyang magbibigay suporta sa La Solidaridad sa Espanya; at ang Katipunan, na siyang naging militanteng samahan na nagpasimula ng rebolusyon sa Pilipinas.
Pananakop ng mga Kastila
I. Paglunsad ng mga eksplorasyon
Maraming mga bagay at dahilan ang nag-udyok sa mga Europeo upang tumuklas at manakop ng mga lugar na hindi pa kristiyanado.
Isa sa mga
dahilang ito ay ang mga krusada. Ito ang ekspidisyong ipinadala ng mga
kristiyanong bansa sa Europa, sa Gitnang Silangan upang agawing muli sa
mga Muslim ang “banal na lupain”. Kahit hindi nagtagumpay ang krusada sa
layuning nito, nakita ng mga mandirigmang europeo ang mga kayamanan at
produkto ng Silangan. Nagkaroon ng bagong panlasa at interes ang mga
Europeo sa pamumuhay at mga karangyaan ng mga nakadigmang taga-
Silangan. Nauso ang paggamit ng mga rekadong gaya ng cinnamon, paminta,
luya at iba pa. Isang malaking negosyo ito kung matutunton ang
pinanggalingan ng mga rekadong ito. Gayunpaman, monopolyo ng mga
taga-Venice ang pag-angkat at pamamahagi sa Europa ng mga bagay mula sa
Silangan. Nang bumagsak noong 1453 ang Constantinople sa mga Turkong
Muslim,tanging mga mangangalakal na taga-Venice lamang ang
pinahintulutang makadaan sa Dagat Madeterano. Ito ay dahil ang mga
taga-Venice ay pumanig sa mga Muslim sa pakikidigma nito sa mga Griyego.
Ang paghahangad na was akin ang monopolyo ng mga taga-Venice sa
kalakalang Silangan-Kanluran ang nagtulak sa mga ibang Europeo na humanap ng ibang daanan patungong silangan.
Ang mga
salaysay ni Marco Polo tungkol sa mga paglalakbay niya sa China at ang
karangyaan ng bansang ito ay nagging isa ring pang-akit.
Sa panahong
ding ito umunlad ang agham at karunungan at sa mga bagong imbensyon ay
kasama ang mga kagamitang sa nabigasyon gaya ng kompas, mapa at iba pang
instrumentong pang giya. Nagbigay ito ng lakas ng loob sa mga nabigador
upang puntahan ang mga lugar na hindi pa naaabot ng mga taga kanluran.
II. Kasunduan sa Tordesillas
Dahil sa
paguunahan o pagpapaligsahan ng Portugal at Espanya sa panunuklas o
eksplorasyon, napairal ng isang dekreto ang papa ng Roma, Alexander VI
na nagtatakda at nagsisilbing gabay sa pagtuklas ng dalawang bansa.
Noong Mayo 3, 1493, binigyan ng papa ng karapatang ang Espanya na
manuklas sa bagong daigdig at ang Portugal sa Africa. Binago ito noong
Mayo 4, 1493. Gumuhit ng isang imahenaryong linya na nagmula sa hilagang
polo patungong timog polo, 100 liga sa kanluran ng Azores at Cabo. Ang
mga lupaing matutuklasan sa silangan ng linya ay sa Portugal at lahat ng
mga lupaing nasa kanluran ay sa Espanya. Dahil sa pagtutol ng Portugal
sa mga dekreto ng papa, pinagtibay ang kasunduan ng Tordesillas noong
Hunyo 7, 1494.
III. Pagtuklas ni Magellan sa Pilipinas.
Ninais ni Magellan, isang Portuges, na maglalayag upang hanapin ang Spice Island. Lumapit siya sa hari ng Espanya. Binigyan siya nito ng limang barkon at 264 na manlalayag.
Naglayag sila papuntang kanluran kahit ang SpiceIsland ay nasa silangan. Sa halip na makarating sa nasabing pulo, napunta sila sa pulong malapit sa Samar.
Dumaong sila
sa pulo ng Homonhon noong ika 16 ng Marso, 1521. Sa baybayin ng
Limasawa, ipinagdiwang nila ang unang misang Katoliko noong Marso 31,
1521. Naglayag sila patungong Cebu at nakipagkaibigan kas Rajah Humabon, hari ng Cebu.
Noong ika 14 ng Abril, isa pang misa ang ginanap at ito ay sinundan ng
pagbibinyag kay Rajah Humabon, ang asawa nito at 800 na katutubo. Sila
ang kaunaunahang Kristiyanong Pilipino.
IV. Felipinas~Pilipinas
Taong 1543 dumating si Villalobos sa pulo ngLeyte.
Siya ang nagpangalan sa ating bansa ng Felipinas bilang parangal sa
haring Espanya, si Haring Felipe II. Dumating naman si Miguel Lopez de
Legazpi noong 1565. Siya ang unang nagtayo ng unang pamayanan Kastila
sa Cebu. Nagsimulang kumalat ang ia pang pamayanang Kastila sa Visaya at Luzon.
V. Labanan sa Mactan
Nais mamahala ni Magellan sa buong kapuluan kaya’t humingi siya
ng buwis kay Lapulapu, pinuno ng Mactan. Hndi pumayag si Lapulapu
kaya’t nagsimula ang pag-aaway niya at ni Magellan. Noong Abril 27, 1521
ang labanan ay nag-umpisa sa pagsunog ng may 30 bahay ng katutubo na
lalong ikinagalit ng mga ito. Tinamaan ng isang palasong may lason si
Magellan na ikinalugmok nito. Pinagtulung-tuloungan ng mga mandirigma ni
Lapulapu si Magellan. May sumibat at tumaga sa kanya hanggang siya ay
mamatay. Dali-daling tumakas ang iba pang Kastila. Kasamang namatay ni Magellan ang walo pang Kastila at apat na katutubo.
Ang labanan sa Mactan ay an unang matagumpay na
pagtataboy sa dayuhang mananakop.
VI. Kolonisasyon ng Cebu, Panay at Maynila
Dumaong ang elspedisyon nina Legaspi sa pulong kung tawagin ay Sugbu, ngayon ay Cebu,
noong Abril 27, 1565. Hindi sila tinanggap ng mga katutubo noong una
kaya kinanyon ng mga Kastila ang mga katutubo. Sa takot ay nagsitakbuhan
ang mga ito sa mga bundok. Matapos matiyak na wala ng hadlang, lumunsad
ang mga Kastila. Dito nagtatag ng unang panahanang Kastila si Legaspi
na tinawag niyang Villa De San Miguel na pinalitan din ng Santisimo
Nombre De Jesus.
Mula sa Cebu ay pumunta si Legaspi sa Panay.
Inakala niyang higit na ligtas ang Panay sa pananalakay ng mga
Portuges. Higit ding sagana ang lugar na ito sa pagkain. Mula rito ay
inutusan niya si Martin De Goite na maghanap ng iba pang lugar.
Pinabalik din ni Legaspi ang isang barko sa Mexicona
nagdaan sa isang bagong rotang natuklasan nila ni Fray Andres De
Urdaneta. Tinawag na rin ni Legaspi na Pilipinas ang kapuluan.
Natagpuan ni
De Goiti ang Maynila. Tinanggap naman siya ni Rajah Sulayman, ang puno
ng katutubo sa isang pamayanan sa Maynila ngunit hindi nagtagal ang
pagiging magkaibigan nila. Naghinala si Sulayman sa tunay na motibo ng
mga Kastila kaya nagkaroon din ng mga paglaban. Sinunog ni De Goiti sa
tulong ng mga Bisaya ang pamayanan sa Maynila. Noong 1571, si Legaspi ay
lumipat sa Maynila. Tiniyak muna ni Legaspi na ligtas ang gagawin
nilang pagdaong dahil sa nangyari kila De Goiti at Sulayman. Inihayag ni
Legaspi na ginawaran na ang titulong Adelentado ang Maynila bilang
capital ng Pilipinas noong Hunyo 24, 1571. Sumunod din ang pagpapadala
ni Legaspi ng mga ekspedisyon upang ipagpatuloy ang pananakop sa iba
pang pulo gaya ng Ilokos, Pangasinan, Mindoro at
iba pa. Siya ang naging unang Gobernador Heneral ng kapuluan. Aging
madali ang kolonisasyon sa tulong ng mga misyonero ngunit hindi
nagtagumpay ang mga kolonisador sa Mindanao at
Sulu. Sa kolonisasyon ng mga pulo, nanguna ang apo ni legaspi na si
Juan De Salcedo. Siya ang namahala sa mga ekspidisyon sa hilagang
kanlurang Luzon hanggang sa silangang bahagi
ng Quezon. Nang mamatay noong Agosto 1572 si Legaspi, ipinagpatuloy ng
sumunod na Gobernador Heneral si Guido De Lavenzares ang pananakop sa
iba pang mga pulo.
VII. Ang Pamumuhay sa Ilalim ng mga Kastila
1. Ang Kabuhayan
a) Agrikultura- napilitan ang mga katutubo na magtanim nang labis upang makabayad sila ng tributo
b) Industriya-
tinuruan ang mga tao na mag imprenta ng mga aklat, pagkakarpintero, pag-
ukit, paggawa ng kandila, alak at asukal.
c) Pagbabangko-
itinatag ang kaunaunahang bangkong Pilipino na pag-aari ni Francisco
Rodriguez. Itinatag naman ang kaunaunahang bangko ng pamahalaang
Insular, ang Banko Español- Filipino.
d) Komunikasyon at
Transportasyon- nagkaroon ng telegrapo noong 1873 at telepono noong
1890. Ang kaunaunahang pahayagan ay ang Del Superior. Ang iba pang
pahayagan ay La Esperanza, La Estrella, at Dyaryo De Manila.
Ang Batas Rizal at ang Importansya nito
Batas Rizal (Batas Republika 1425)
Upang mapanatiling buhay ang damdaming makabayan ng mga Pilipino, isinabatas ng pamahalaang Ramon Magsaysay noong Hunyo 12, 1956 ang pinanukalang batas ni Claro M. Recto na gawing sapilitang aralin sa kolehiyo ang buhay ni Jose Rizal sa pamamagitan ng kanyang mga akda.
Pagnilayan ang naging saysay ng Batas Rizal makaraan ang mahigit limampung taon na ito’y ipinatutupad.
Nagampanan kaya nito ang tinakda nitong layon? Papaano kaya ito mabisang ipatupad ngayong parang hindi na uso ang kabayanihan?
Republic Act No 1425 (June 12, 1956) An Act To Include In The Curricula Of All Public And Private Schools, Colleges And Universities Courses On The Life, Works And Writings Of Jose Rizal, Particularly His Novels Noli Me Tangere And El Filibusterismo
Section 1. Courses on the life, works and writings of Jose Rizal, particularly his novel Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo, shall be included in the curricula of all schools, colleges and universities, public or private: Provided, That in the collegiate courses, the original or unexpurgated editions of the Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo or their English translation shall be used as basic texts.
Sec. 2. It shall be
obligatory on all schools, colleges and universities to keep in their
libraries an adequate number of copies of the original and unexpurgated
editions of the Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo, as well as of
Rizal’s other works and biography. The said unexpurgated editions of the
Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo or their translations in English as
well as other writings of Rizal shall be included in the list of
approved books for required reading in all public or private schools,
colleges and universities.
Sec. 3. The Board of National Education
shall cause the translation of the Noli Me Tangere and El
Filibusterismo, as well as other writings of Jose Rizal into English,
Tagalog and the principal Philippine dialects; cause them to be printed
in cheap, popular editions; and cause them to be distributed, free of
charge, to persons desiring to read them, through the Purok
organizations and Barrio Councils throughout the country.Quotes of Rizal
He who does not know how to look back at where he came from will never get to his destination.
Jose Rizal
He who does not love his own language is worse than an animal and smelly fish.
Jose Rizal
It is a useless life that is not consecrated to a great ideal. It is like a stone wasted on the field without becoming a part of any edifice.
Jose Rizal
The youth is the hope of our future.
Jose Rizal
There can be no tyrants where there are no slaves.
Jose Rizal
While a people preserves its language; it preserves the marks of liberty.
Jose Rizal
Si Dr. José Protasio Rizal Mercado y Alonso Realonda (Hunyo 19, 1861–Disyembre 30, 1896) ay ang pampito sa labing-isang anak ng mag-asawang Francisco Engracio Rizal Mercado y Alejandro at ng asawa nitong si Teodora Morales Alonzo Realonda y Quintos. Ipinanganak si José Rizal sa Calamba, Laguna. Sina Saturnina, Paciano, Narcissa, Olimpia, Lucia, Maria, Jose, Concepcion, Josefa, Trinidad at Soledad ang kanyang mga kapatid.
Ang ina ni Rizal ay siyang kaniyang unang guro at nagturo sa kaniya ng abakada noong siya ay tatlong taon pa lamang. Noong siya naman ay tumuntong ng siyam na taon, pinadala siya sa Biñan, Laguna upang mag-aral sa ilalim ng pamamatnubay ni Justiano Aquino Cruz. Ilang buwan ang nakalipas, pinayuhan niya ang magulang ni Rizal na pag-aralin siya sa Maynila.
Ang Ateneo Municipal de Manila ang unang paaralan sa Maynila na kaniyang pinasukan noong ikadalawa ng Enero 1872. Ayon sa isang salin ng Noli me tangere ni Guzman atbp., sa kaniyang pananatili sa paaralang ito, natanggap niya ang lahat ng mga pangunahing medalya at notang sobresaliente sa lahat ng aklat. Sa paaralan ding ito niya natanggap ang kaniyang Batsilyer sa Sining na may notang sobresalyente kalakip ang pinakamataas na karangalan.
Nang sumunod na taon, siya ay kumuha ng Pilosopiya at Panitikan sa Pamantasan ng Santo Tomas. Sa Ateneo, kasabay niyang kinuha ang agham ng Pagsasaka. Pagkaraan, kinuha niya ang kursong panggagamot sa nasabing Pamantasan (Santo Tomas) pagkatapos mabatid na ang kaniyang ina ay tinubuan ng katarata. Noong Mayo 5, 1882, nang dahil sa hindi na niya matanggap ang tagibang at mapansuring pakikitungo ng mga paring Kastila sa mga katutubong mag-aaral, nagtungo siya sa Espanya. Doo’y pumasok siya sa Universidad Central de Madrid, kung saan, sa ikalawang taon ay natapos niya ang karerang Medisina, bilang “sobresaliente” (napakahusay). Nang sumunod na taon, nakamit niya ang titulo sa Pilosopiya-at-Titik. Naglakbay siya sa Pransya at nagpakadalubhasa sa paggamot ng sakit sa mata sa isang klinika roon. Pagkatapos ay tumungo siya sa Heidelberg, Alemanya, kung saan natamo pa ang isang titulo.
Sa taon din ng kaniyang pagtatapos ng Medisina, siya ay nag-aral ng wikang Ingles, bilang karagdagan sa mga wikang kaniya nang nalalaman gaya ng Pranses. Isang dalubwika si Rizal na nakaaalam ng Arabe, Katalan, Tsino, Inggles, Pranses, Aleman, Griyego, Ebreo, Italyano, Hapon, Latin, Portuges, Ruso, Sanskrit, Espanyol, Tagalog, at iba pang mga katutubong wika ng Pilipinas.
Family José Rizal’s parents were Francisco Mercado and Teodora
Alonzo, prosperous farmers who were granted lease of a hacienda and an
accompanying rice farm by the Dominicans. He was the seventh child of
their eleven children (namely, Saturnina, Paciano, Narcisa, Olympia,
Lucia, Maria, Jose, Concepcion, Josephina, Trinidad and Soledad.) Rizal
was a 5th-generation patrilineal descendant of Domingo Lam-co (Chinese:
柯仪南; Pinyin: Ke Yinan), a Chinese immigrant entrepreneur who sailed to
the Philippines from Jinjiang, Quanzhou in the mid-17th century. Lam-co
married Inez de la Rosa, a Sangley native of Luzon. To free his
descendants from the anti-Chinese animosity of the Spanish authorities,
Lam-co changed the family surname to the Spanish surname “Mercado”
(market) to indicate their Chinese merchant roots. Their original
application was for the name “Ricial”, apropos their main occupation of
farming, which was arbitrarily denied. The name “Rizal” (originally
Ricial, the green of young growth or green fields), was adopted by Jose
to enable him to travel freely as the Mercados had gained notoriety by
their son’s intellectual prominence. From early childhood Rizal was
already advancing unheard-of political ideas of freedom and individual
rights which infuriated the authorities. Rizal, 11 years old Aside from
indigenous Filipino and Chinese ancestry, recent genealogical research
has found that José had traces of Spanish, and Japanese ancestry. His
maternal great-great-grandfather (Teodora’s great-grandfather) was
Eugenio Ursua, a descendant of Japanese settlers, who married a Filipina
named Benigna (surname unknown). These two gave birth to Regina Ursua
who married a Sangley mestizo from Pangasinán named Atty. Manuel de
Quintos, Teodora’s grandfather. Their daughter Brígida de Quintos
married a Spanish mestizo named Lorenzo Alberto Alonzo, the father of
Teodora. Austin Craig mentions Lacandula, Rajah of Tondo at the time of
the Spanish incursion, also as an ancestor.

Jose Rizal
He who does not love his own language is worse than an animal and smelly fish.
Jose Rizal
It is a useless life that is not consecrated to a great ideal. It is like a stone wasted on the field without becoming a part of any edifice.
Jose Rizal
The youth is the hope of our future.
Jose Rizal
There can be no tyrants where there are no slaves.
Jose Rizal
While a people preserves its language; it preserves the marks of liberty.
Jose Rizal
Ang Paglalakbay ni Rizal
RIZAL- hindi siya nasiyahan sa kanyang pag-aaral sa Pamantasan ng Santo
Tomas
-sa kanyang palagay, ang kanyang propesor ng Dominiko ay galit sa kanya,
may
mababang tingin sa mga Pilipino at ang kanilang tinuturo ay masamaat
makaluma
Dahil sa mga ito, siya ay pinayuhan ning Antonio Rivera, Paciano at
Saturnina na mag-aral ng medisina sa ibang bansa.
MGA PINUNTAHANG BANSA:
Mayo 8, 1882- Singgapor
· dinalaw ang mga makasayasayang pook, ang hardin botaniko, mga templo
atmga tanghalan ng sining
Hunyo 15, 1882- Barcelona
· hindi nasiyahan dahil siya’y sanay sa malalaki at magagandang otel at
magalang na pakikitungo sa mga panauhin
· sinulat niya ang “Amor Patrio” o “Pag-ibig sa Tinubuang Lupa”
Setyembre- Madrid
· Universidad Central de Madrid (Medisina, Pilosopiya at Panitikan)
· Academia de San Fernando (pagpinta at eskultura)
· Umibig siya dito kay Consuelo na anak ni Don Pablo Ortega y Rey na
nagging alkalde ng Maynila
· Isinulat ang “A La Senorita C. O. y R.” o “Kay Binibining C. O. at R.”
· Natamo niya ang lisensya sa panggagamot sa Pamantasang Sentral ng
Madrid (Hunyo 21, 1884)
· Nagwagi si Rizal sa isang paligsahan sa wikang Griyego (Hunyo 25,
1884)
· Pumunta siya sa handaan handog kina Juan Luna at Resurreccion Hidalgo
para magbigay ng isang talumpati. Pagkatapos ng handaan ay hinanda ni
Rizal ang kanyang pagsulat ng unang kabanata ng Noli Me Tangere.
· Natapos niya ang kanyang pag-aaral sa Pamantasang Sentral ng Madrid sa
Pilosopiya, Medisina at Panitikan ngunit hindi niya nakuha ang kanyang
diploma sa pagkadoktor.
Oktubre 1885- Paris
· Naging katulong at mag-aaral sa klinika ni Dr. Loius de Wicker na
isang Pranses at magaling na manggagamot sa mata
Pebrero 3, 1886- Heidelberg (lungsod ng mga mag-aaral at ng industriya)
· Pamantasan ng Heidelberg
· Nagtrabaho sa klinika ni Dr. Javier Galezonsky, taga- Poland at isa
ring doktor sa mata
· Nag-aral din kay Dr. Otto Becker, isang Aleman na tanyag din sa
paggamot ng mga karamdaman sa mata
Oktubre 29, 1886- Berlin
· Naging katulong sa klinika ni Dr. R. Schulzer, isang Alemang
manggagamot sa mata
· Nag-aral dito tungkol sa panggagamot ng mga karamdaman sa mata, agham
at wika
· Nakisalamuha sa mga siyentipiko at iskolar na mga Aleman
· Tinapos niya dito ang Noli Me Tangere
Mayo 13, 1887- Austriya
Pebrero 8, 1888- Hong Kong
· Natuwa sa mga sa panonoos ng mga palabas-dulaan ng mga Intsik
Pebrero 22- 1888- Hapon
· Nalaman ang kulutura ng mga Hapon lalo na ang wika ng mga ito
· Umibig kay O Sei Keio
Abril 28, 1888- San Francisco
Mayo 6, 1888- Oakland
Mayo 24, 1888- Liverpool
Mayo 25, 1888- Londres
Inanyayahan ni Dr. Rost na sumulat sa Trubner’s Record
Nag-aral tungkol sa kasayasayan ng Pilipinas lalo na ang dahilan kung
bakit mababa ang tingin ng mga Kastila sa mga Pilipino
Setyembre 1888- Paris
Hinanap ang Bibliothique Nationale
Disyembre 11, 1888- Espanya
Kinamusta ang mga kababayan
Disyembre 23, 1888- Londres
Naakit kay Gertrude, anak ng may-ari ng kanyang inuupahang bahay
Nililok ang tatlong ulo ng magkakapatid na Beckett
Marso 1889- Paris
Nagsasaliksik pa rin tungkol sa kasaysayan ng Pilipinas
Nag-iskrima sa isang himnasyo
Nagplano na magtayo ng eskwelahan para sa mga lalaking Pilipino
Si Rizal mula pagkabata hanggang mag-aral sa ATENO at UST
Si Dr. José Protasio Rizal Mercado y Alonso Realonda (Hunyo 19, 1861–Disyembre 30, 1896) ay ang pampito sa labing-isang anak ng mag-asawang Francisco Engracio Rizal Mercado y Alejandro at ng asawa nitong si Teodora Morales Alonzo Realonda y Quintos. Ipinanganak si José Rizal sa Calamba, Laguna. Sina Saturnina, Paciano, Narcissa, Olimpia, Lucia, Maria, Jose, Concepcion, Josefa, Trinidad at Soledad ang kanyang mga kapatid.
Ang ina ni Rizal ay siyang kaniyang unang guro at nagturo sa kaniya ng abakada noong siya ay tatlong taon pa lamang. Noong siya naman ay tumuntong ng siyam na taon, pinadala siya sa Biñan, Laguna upang mag-aral sa ilalim ng pamamatnubay ni Justiano Aquino Cruz. Ilang buwan ang nakalipas, pinayuhan niya ang magulang ni Rizal na pag-aralin siya sa Maynila.
Ang Ateneo Municipal de Manila ang unang paaralan sa Maynila na kaniyang pinasukan noong ikadalawa ng Enero 1872. Ayon sa isang salin ng Noli me tangere ni Guzman atbp., sa kaniyang pananatili sa paaralang ito, natanggap niya ang lahat ng mga pangunahing medalya at notang sobresaliente sa lahat ng aklat. Sa paaralan ding ito niya natanggap ang kaniyang Batsilyer sa Sining na may notang sobresalyente kalakip ang pinakamataas na karangalan.
Nang sumunod na taon, siya ay kumuha ng Pilosopiya at Panitikan sa Pamantasan ng Santo Tomas. Sa Ateneo, kasabay niyang kinuha ang agham ng Pagsasaka. Pagkaraan, kinuha niya ang kursong panggagamot sa nasabing Pamantasan (Santo Tomas) pagkatapos mabatid na ang kaniyang ina ay tinubuan ng katarata. Noong Mayo 5, 1882, nang dahil sa hindi na niya matanggap ang tagibang at mapansuring pakikitungo ng mga paring Kastila sa mga katutubong mag-aaral, nagtungo siya sa Espanya. Doo’y pumasok siya sa Universidad Central de Madrid, kung saan, sa ikalawang taon ay natapos niya ang karerang Medisina, bilang “sobresaliente” (napakahusay). Nang sumunod na taon, nakamit niya ang titulo sa Pilosopiya-at-Titik. Naglakbay siya sa Pransya at nagpakadalubhasa sa paggamot ng sakit sa mata sa isang klinika roon. Pagkatapos ay tumungo siya sa Heidelberg, Alemanya, kung saan natamo pa ang isang titulo.
Sa taon din ng kaniyang pagtatapos ng Medisina, siya ay nag-aral ng wikang Ingles, bilang karagdagan sa mga wikang kaniya nang nalalaman gaya ng Pranses. Isang dalubwika si Rizal na nakaaalam ng Arabe, Katalan, Tsino, Inggles, Pranses, Aleman, Griyego, Ebreo, Italyano, Hapon, Latin, Portuges, Ruso, Sanskrit, Espanyol, Tagalog, at iba pang mga katutubong wika ng Pilipinas.
Persecutions
Wenceslao Retana, a political commentator in Spain, had slighted Rizal by a reference to his parents and promptly apologized after being challenged to a duel. Aware that Rizal was a better swordsman, he issued an apology, became an admirer, and wrote Rizal’s first European biography.Memory as a ten-year old of his mother’s treatment at the hands of the civil authorities, with the approval of the church authorities, hurt so much as to explain his reaction to Retana. The incident stemmed from an accusation that Rizal’s mother, Teodora, tried to poison the wife of a cousin when she claimed she only intervened to help. Without a hearing she was ordered to prison in Santa Cruz in 1871, and made to walk the ten miles from Calamba. She was released after two and a half years of appeals to the highest court.
After writing Noli me Tangere, among the numerous other poems, plays and tracts he had already written, he gained further notoriety with the Spaniards. Against the advice of relatives and friends, he came back to the Philippines to aid his family which was in dispute with the Dominican landlords. In 1887, he wrote a petition on behalf of the tenants of Calamba and later that year led them to speak out against friar attempts to raise rent. They initiated a litigation which resulted in the Dominicans evicting them from their homes, including the Rizal family. Eventually, General Valeriano Weyler had the buildings on the farm torn down.
In 1896 while Rizal was in prison in Fort Santiago, his brother Paciano was tortured by Spaniards trying to extract evidence of Jose’s complicity in the revolution. Two officers took turns applying pins under Paciano’s fingernails; with his hands bound behind him and raised several feet, he was dropped repeatedly until he lost consciousness.
Exile in Dapitan
Rizal was implicated in the activities of the nascent rebellion and in July 1892, was deported to Dapitan in the province of Zamboanga. There he built a school, a hospital and a water supply system, and taught and engaged in farming and horticulture. Abaca, then the vital raw material for cordage and which Rizal and his students planted in the thousands, was a memorial.
The boys’ school, in which they learned English, considered a prescient if weird option then, was conceived by Rizal and antedated Gordonstoun with its aims of inculcating resourcefulness and self sufficiency in young men. They would later enjoy successful lives as farmers and honest government officials. One, a Muslim, became a datu, and another, Jose Aseniero, who was with Rizal throughout the life of the school, became Governor of Zamboanga.
In Dapitan, the Jesuits mounted a great effort to secure his return to the fold led by Father Sanchez, his former professor, who failed in his mission. The task was resumed by Father Pastells, a prominent member of the Order. In his letter to Pastells, Rizal sails close to the ecumenism familiar to us today.
“We are entirely in accord in admitting the existence of God. How can I doubt his when I am convinced of mine. Whoso recognizes the effect recognizes the cause. To doubt God is to doubt one’s own conscience, and in consequence, it would be to doubt everything; and then what is life for? Now then, my faith in God, if the result of a ratiocination may be called faith, is blind, blind in the sense of knowing nothing. I neither believe nor disbelieve the qualities which many attribute to him; before theologians’ and philosophers’ definitions and lucubrations of this ineffable and inscrutable being I find myself smiling. Faced with the conviction of seing myself confronting the supreme Problem, which confused voices seek to explain to me, I cannot but reply: ‘It could be; but the God that I foreknow is far more grand, far more good: Plus Supra!…I believe in (revelation); but not in revelation or revelations which each religion or religions claim to possess. Examining them impartially, comparing them and scrutinizing them, one cannot avoid discerning the human ‘fingernail’ and the stamp of the time in which they were written… No, let us not make God in our image, poor inhabitants that we are of a distant planet lost in infinite space. However, brilliant and sublime our intelligence may be, it is scarcely more than a small spark which shines and in an instant is extinguished, and it alone can give us no idea of that blaze, that conflagration, that ocean of light. I believe in revelation, but in that living revelation which surrounds us on every side, in that voice, mighty, eternal, unceasing, incorruptible, clear, distinct, universal as is the being from whom it proceeds, in that revelation which speaks to us and penetrates us from the moment we are born until we die. What books can better reveal to us the goodness of God, his love, his providence, his eternity, his glory, his wisdom? ‘The heavens declare the glory of God, and the firmament showeth his handiwork’.”
As a gift to his mother on her birth anniversary he wrote the other of his poems of maturity, “Mi Retiro,” with a description of a calm night overlaid with a million stars. The poem, with its concept of a spontaneous creation and speaking of God asPlus Supra, is considered his accommodation of evolution.
…the breeze idly cools, the firmament glows, the waves tell in sighs to the docile wind
timeless stories beneath the shroud of night.
Say that they tell of the world, the first dawn
of the sun, the first kiss that his bosom inflamed,
when thousands of beings surged out of nothing, and peopled the depths, and to the heights mounted,
to wherever his fecund kiss was implanted.
His best friend, Blumentritt, kept him in touch with European friends and fellow-scientists who wrote a stream of letters which arrived in Dutch, French, German and English and which baffled the censors, delaying their transmittal. Those four years of his exile coincided with the development of the Philippine Revolution from inception and to its final breakout, which, from the viewpoint of the court which was to try him, suggested his complicity in it.[15] He condemned the uprising, although all the members of the Katipunan made him honorary president and used his name as a war-cry.
Near the end of his exile he met and courted the step-daughter of a patient, an Irishwoman named Josephine Bracken. He was unable to obtain an ecclesiastical marriage because he would not return to the religion of his youth and was not known to be clearly against revolution. He nonetheless considered Josephine to be his wife and the only person mentioned in the poem, Farewell, sweet stranger, my friend, my joy…
Last days
By 1896, the rebellion fomented by the Katipunan, a militant secret society, had become a full blown revolution, proving to be a nationwide uprising and leading to the proclamation of the first democratic republic in Asia. To dissociate himself, Rizal volunteered and was given leave by the Spanish Governor General Ramon Blanco to serve in Cuba to minister to victims of yellow fever. Blanco later was to present his sash and sword to the Rizal family as an apology.
Before he left Dapitan, he issued a manifesto disavowing the revolution and declaring that the education of Filipinos and their achievement of a national identity were prerequisites to freedom. Rizal was arrested en route, imprisoned in Barcelona, and sent back to Manila to stand trial. He was implicated in the revolution through his association with members of the Katipunan and was to be tried before a court-martial for rebellion, sedition, and conspiracy. During the entire passage, he was unchained, no Spaniard laid a hand on him, and had many opportunities to escape but refused to do so. Rizal was convicted on all three charges and sentenced to death. Governor General Blanco, who was sympathetic to Rizal, had been forced out of office, and the friars had intercalated Polavieja in his stead, sealing Rizal’s fate.
His poem, undated and believed to be written on the day before his execution, was hidden in an alcohol stove and later handed to his family with his few remaining possessions, including the final letters and his last bequests. Within hearing of the Spanish guards he reminded his sisters in English, “There is something inside it,” referring to the alcohol stove given by the Pardo de Taveras which was to be returned after his execution, thereby emphasizing the importance of the poem. This instruction was followed by another, “Look in my shoes,” in which another item was secreted. Exhumation of his remains in August, 1898, under American rule, revealed he had been uncoffined, his burial not on sanctified ground granted the ‘confessed’ faithful, and whatever was in his shoes had disintegrated.
In his letter to his family he wrote: “Treat our aged parents as you would wish to be treated…Love them greatly in memory of me…30 December, 1896.”
In his final letter, to the Sudeten-German professor Ferdinand Blumentritt -Tomorrow at 7, I shall be shot; but I am innocent of the crime of rebellion…He had to reassure him that he had not turned revolutionary as he once considered being, and that he shared his ideals to the very end. He also bequeathed a book personally bound by him in Dapitan to his ‘best and dearest friend.’ When Blumentritt received it he broke down and wept.
Execution
Moments before his execution by a firing squad of Filipino native infantry, backed by an insurance force of Spanish troops, the Spanish surgeon general requested to take his pulse; it was normal. Aware of this, the Spanish sergeant in charge of the backup force hushed his men to silence when they began raising ‘vivas!’ with the partisan crowd. His last words were “consummatum est”,—it is finished.
He was secretly buried in Paco Cemetery in Manila with no identification on his grave. His sister Narcisa toured all possible gravesites and found freshly turned earth at the cemetery with civil guards posted at the gate. Assuming this could be the most likely spot, there being no other recent ground burials, she made a gift to the guards to mark the site “RPJ.”
Wenceslao Retana, a political commentator in Spain, had slighted Rizal by a reference to his parents and promptly apologized after being challenged to a duel. Aware that Rizal was a better swordsman, he issued an apology, became an admirer, and wrote Rizal’s first European biography.Memory as a ten-year old of his mother’s treatment at the hands of the civil authorities, with the approval of the church authorities, hurt so much as to explain his reaction to Retana. The incident stemmed from an accusation that Rizal’s mother, Teodora, tried to poison the wife of a cousin when she claimed she only intervened to help. Without a hearing she was ordered to prison in Santa Cruz in 1871, and made to walk the ten miles from Calamba. She was released after two and a half years of appeals to the highest court.
After writing Noli me Tangere, among the numerous other poems, plays and tracts he had already written, he gained further notoriety with the Spaniards. Against the advice of relatives and friends, he came back to the Philippines to aid his family which was in dispute with the Dominican landlords. In 1887, he wrote a petition on behalf of the tenants of Calamba and later that year led them to speak out against friar attempts to raise rent. They initiated a litigation which resulted in the Dominicans evicting them from their homes, including the Rizal family. Eventually, General Valeriano Weyler had the buildings on the farm torn down.
In 1896 while Rizal was in prison in Fort Santiago, his brother Paciano was tortured by Spaniards trying to extract evidence of Jose’s complicity in the revolution. Two officers took turns applying pins under Paciano’s fingernails; with his hands bound behind him and raised several feet, he was dropped repeatedly until he lost consciousness.
Exile in Dapitan
Rizal was implicated in the activities of the nascent rebellion and in July 1892, was deported to Dapitan in the province of Zamboanga. There he built a school, a hospital and a water supply system, and taught and engaged in farming and horticulture. Abaca, then the vital raw material for cordage and which Rizal and his students planted in the thousands, was a memorial.
The boys’ school, in which they learned English, considered a prescient if weird option then, was conceived by Rizal and antedated Gordonstoun with its aims of inculcating resourcefulness and self sufficiency in young men. They would later enjoy successful lives as farmers and honest government officials. One, a Muslim, became a datu, and another, Jose Aseniero, who was with Rizal throughout the life of the school, became Governor of Zamboanga.
In Dapitan, the Jesuits mounted a great effort to secure his return to the fold led by Father Sanchez, his former professor, who failed in his mission. The task was resumed by Father Pastells, a prominent member of the Order. In his letter to Pastells, Rizal sails close to the ecumenism familiar to us today.
“We are entirely in accord in admitting the existence of God. How can I doubt his when I am convinced of mine. Whoso recognizes the effect recognizes the cause. To doubt God is to doubt one’s own conscience, and in consequence, it would be to doubt everything; and then what is life for? Now then, my faith in God, if the result of a ratiocination may be called faith, is blind, blind in the sense of knowing nothing. I neither believe nor disbelieve the qualities which many attribute to him; before theologians’ and philosophers’ definitions and lucubrations of this ineffable and inscrutable being I find myself smiling. Faced with the conviction of seing myself confronting the supreme Problem, which confused voices seek to explain to me, I cannot but reply: ‘It could be; but the God that I foreknow is far more grand, far more good: Plus Supra!…I believe in (revelation); but not in revelation or revelations which each religion or religions claim to possess. Examining them impartially, comparing them and scrutinizing them, one cannot avoid discerning the human ‘fingernail’ and the stamp of the time in which they were written… No, let us not make God in our image, poor inhabitants that we are of a distant planet lost in infinite space. However, brilliant and sublime our intelligence may be, it is scarcely more than a small spark which shines and in an instant is extinguished, and it alone can give us no idea of that blaze, that conflagration, that ocean of light. I believe in revelation, but in that living revelation which surrounds us on every side, in that voice, mighty, eternal, unceasing, incorruptible, clear, distinct, universal as is the being from whom it proceeds, in that revelation which speaks to us and penetrates us from the moment we are born until we die. What books can better reveal to us the goodness of God, his love, his providence, his eternity, his glory, his wisdom? ‘The heavens declare the glory of God, and the firmament showeth his handiwork’.”
As a gift to his mother on her birth anniversary he wrote the other of his poems of maturity, “Mi Retiro,” with a description of a calm night overlaid with a million stars. The poem, with its concept of a spontaneous creation and speaking of God asPlus Supra, is considered his accommodation of evolution.
…the breeze idly cools, the firmament glows, the waves tell in sighs to the docile wind
timeless stories beneath the shroud of night.
Say that they tell of the world, the first dawn
of the sun, the first kiss that his bosom inflamed,
when thousands of beings surged out of nothing, and peopled the depths, and to the heights mounted,
to wherever his fecund kiss was implanted.
His best friend, Blumentritt, kept him in touch with European friends and fellow-scientists who wrote a stream of letters which arrived in Dutch, French, German and English and which baffled the censors, delaying their transmittal. Those four years of his exile coincided with the development of the Philippine Revolution from inception and to its final breakout, which, from the viewpoint of the court which was to try him, suggested his complicity in it.[15] He condemned the uprising, although all the members of the Katipunan made him honorary president and used his name as a war-cry.
Near the end of his exile he met and courted the step-daughter of a patient, an Irishwoman named Josephine Bracken. He was unable to obtain an ecclesiastical marriage because he would not return to the religion of his youth and was not known to be clearly against revolution. He nonetheless considered Josephine to be his wife and the only person mentioned in the poem, Farewell, sweet stranger, my friend, my joy…
Last days
By 1896, the rebellion fomented by the Katipunan, a militant secret society, had become a full blown revolution, proving to be a nationwide uprising and leading to the proclamation of the first democratic republic in Asia. To dissociate himself, Rizal volunteered and was given leave by the Spanish Governor General Ramon Blanco to serve in Cuba to minister to victims of yellow fever. Blanco later was to present his sash and sword to the Rizal family as an apology.
Before he left Dapitan, he issued a manifesto disavowing the revolution and declaring that the education of Filipinos and their achievement of a national identity were prerequisites to freedom. Rizal was arrested en route, imprisoned in Barcelona, and sent back to Manila to stand trial. He was implicated in the revolution through his association with members of the Katipunan and was to be tried before a court-martial for rebellion, sedition, and conspiracy. During the entire passage, he was unchained, no Spaniard laid a hand on him, and had many opportunities to escape but refused to do so. Rizal was convicted on all three charges and sentenced to death. Governor General Blanco, who was sympathetic to Rizal, had been forced out of office, and the friars had intercalated Polavieja in his stead, sealing Rizal’s fate.
His poem, undated and believed to be written on the day before his execution, was hidden in an alcohol stove and later handed to his family with his few remaining possessions, including the final letters and his last bequests. Within hearing of the Spanish guards he reminded his sisters in English, “There is something inside it,” referring to the alcohol stove given by the Pardo de Taveras which was to be returned after his execution, thereby emphasizing the importance of the poem. This instruction was followed by another, “Look in my shoes,” in which another item was secreted. Exhumation of his remains in August, 1898, under American rule, revealed he had been uncoffined, his burial not on sanctified ground granted the ‘confessed’ faithful, and whatever was in his shoes had disintegrated.
In his letter to his family he wrote: “Treat our aged parents as you would wish to be treated…Love them greatly in memory of me…30 December, 1896.”
In his final letter, to the Sudeten-German professor Ferdinand Blumentritt -Tomorrow at 7, I shall be shot; but I am innocent of the crime of rebellion…He had to reassure him that he had not turned revolutionary as he once considered being, and that he shared his ideals to the very end. He also bequeathed a book personally bound by him in Dapitan to his ‘best and dearest friend.’ When Blumentritt received it he broke down and wept.
Execution
Moments before his execution by a firing squad of Filipino native infantry, backed by an insurance force of Spanish troops, the Spanish surgeon general requested to take his pulse; it was normal. Aware of this, the Spanish sergeant in charge of the backup force hushed his men to silence when they began raising ‘vivas!’ with the partisan crowd. His last words were “consummatum est”,—it is finished.
He was secretly buried in Paco Cemetery in Manila with no identification on his grave. His sister Narcisa toured all possible gravesites and found freshly turned earth at the cemetery with civil guards posted at the gate. Assuming this could be the most likely spot, there being no other recent ground burials, she made a gift to the guards to mark the site “RPJ.”
Rizal’s Legacy
Legacy

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